Uttarakhand Lecturer vacancy 2024 | 613 Vacancies, Syllabus, Eligibility, Apply Online

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प्रवक्ता संवर्ग (सामान्य शाखा) विषयवार कुल 550 पदः-

प्रवक्ता संवर्ग (महिला शाखा़) के विषयवार कुल 63 पदः-

Uttarakhand Lecturer Syllabus

Screening Examination – Objective Type

विषयवार लिखित परीक्षा – वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रकार

Syllabus for Screening Examination

Section 1: Teaching Aptitude
No. of Questions:40                                  Maximum Marks:40

1. Indian Education System:
   • Commissions: Radhakrishnan, Mudaliar, Kothari
   • Organizations: University Grants Commission (UGC), National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
   • Policies: National Education Policy (1986), National Knowledge Commission
   • Initiatives: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Right to Education, Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
   • Other: Education for Equality, E-Governance
2. Teaching Efficiency and Communication:
   • Teaching Skills, Methods, and Techniques
   • Traditional and Modern Teaching Aids
   • Communication in the Teaching Process: Types and Characteristics of Good Communication
3. Value-Based Education:
   • Types of Values: Individual and Social
   • Causes of Value Deterioration
   • Inculcating Values through Education
4. Classroom and School Discipline, Educational Planning and Administration
5. Absenteeism and School Dropouts:
   • Causes and Solutions
6. Computers in Education/Computer Education:
   • Fundamental Knowledge of Computers, their Need, and Applications
7. Educational Technology:
   • Nature, Types, Need, and Uses
8. Teaching Profession and Job Satisfaction
9. Role of Teachers in the Personality Development of Students
10. Educational Evaluation:
    • Need, Types, and Methods

Section 2: General Studies
No. of Questions:35         Maximum Marks:35

1. Contemporary Events:
   • National and International Significance
2. Sports and Entertainment:
   • Events at National and International Levels
3. History of India:
   • Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History
   • Culture, National Movements, and Nation-Building Activities
4. Indian and World Geography:
   • Elementary Knowledge
5. Natural Resources:
   • Types, Planning, Conservation, and Enhancement
6. Indian Constitution and Civic Knowledge:
   • Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy
   • Consumer Empowerment:Consumer Rights, Responsibilities, and the Consumer Protection Act (1986)
   • Acts:Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005
   • Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
7. Human Rights:
   • Organizations, Laws, and Activations at National and International Levels
8. Elementary Science:
   • Utility of Science in Daily Life
9. Environmental Development:
   • Issues such as Population Growth, Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, and Safeguards
10. Economy and Commerce:
    • Concept of National Income
    • International and Indian Economy
    • Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry: Development and Directions

Section 3: Knowledge of Uttarakhand State
No. of Questions:30             Maximum Marks:30
Instructions:This section comprises 10 sub-sections. Two questions will be set from each section.

1. General Geography:
   • Location and Extension, Structure and Relief
   • Climate, Water System
   • Demographic Profile, Migration
   • Transport, Communication System
   • State Symbols
2. History:
   • Ancient Period:Tribes, Sub-tribes, Dynasties (Kunindas, Paurav, Katyuri)
   • Medieval Period:Later Katyuris, Chands, Panwars
   • Modern Period:Gorkha and British Period, Freedom Struggle, Post-Independence Scenario, Historical Background of Uttarakhand Society
3. Natural and Economic Resources:
   • Water, Forests, Wildlife Protection Parks, Sanctuaries
   • Minerals, Animal Husbandry, Agriculture, and Horticulture
4. Political and Administrative Context:
   • Administrative Structure and Constitutional System at State, District, Tehsil, and Village Levels
5. Education and Culture:
   • Educational and Training Institutions
   • Rituals, Festivals, and Fairs
6. Main Movements:
   • Coolie-Begaar, Dola Palki, Forest Movement
   • Movement for a Separate Uttarakhand State
7. Economic Development:
   • Industrial Development in Hydroelectricity, Horticulture, Tourism, and Medicinal Plants
   • Economic Changes after the Formation of Uttarakhand State
8. Developmental Plans:
   • Plans Related to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
9. Important Contemporary Events
10. Sports and Entertainment

Section 4: General Intelligence Test
No. of Questions:25                     Maximum Marks:25

This section includes questions of verbal, non-verbal, and analytical types covering the following topics:

1. Mathematical Concepts:
   • Percentage, Ratio and Proportion
   • Simple and Compound Interest
   • Profit, Loss, and Discount
   • Time, Work, and Wages
   • Time and Distance
   • Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
2. Logical Reasoning:
   • Analogies
   • Syllogism
   • Similarities and Differences
   • Missing Numbers, Characters, and Sequences
   • Decision Making and Discrimination
   • Relationship Concepts
   • Direction Sense
   • Coding and Decoding
   • Arithmetic Reasoning
3. Data Interpretation and Analysis:
   • Questions on Trains, Boats, and Streams
   • Calendar and Clocks
   • Logical Venn Diagrams
   • Representation of Data by Diagrams and Graphs
   • Analysis of Data: Mean, Median, Mode, and Range

Subject wise syllabus for written examination (objective type)

हिन्दी

1. हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास:
   • पृष्ठभूमि, काल-विभाजन, नामकरण, वर्गीकरण एवं युग प्रवृत्तियाँ
     • आदिकाल (वीरगाथा काल)
     • भक्तिकाल (पूर्वमध्य काल)
     • रीतिकाल (उत्तरमध्य काल)
     • आधुनिककाल (भारतेन्दु युग, द्विवेदी युग, छायावादी युग एवं छायावादोत्तर युग)
2. आदिकालीन हिन्दी काव्य:
   • सिद्धकवि, नाथकवि, जैन मतावलंबी कवि
   • वीरगाथात्मक काव्य
   • आदिकाल के अन्य कवि
3. भक्तिकालीन हिन्दी काव्य:
   • संतकाव्य: कवि और कृतियाँ
   • सूफीकाव्य: कवि और कृतियाँ
   • राम काव्य: कवि और कृतियाँ
   • कृष्ण काव्य: कवि और कृतियाँ
4. रीतिकालीन हिन्दी काव्य:
   • प्रमुख रीतिबद्ध कवि
   • प्रमुख रीति सिद्ध कवि
   • प्रमुख रीतिमुक्त कवि
5. आधुनिक हिन्दी साहित्य:
   • गद्य, पद्य एवं इतर गद्य विधाएँ
     • भारतेन्दु युग: काव्यधारा तथा गद्य साहित्य
     • द्विवेदी युग: काव्यधारा तथा गद्य साहित्य
     • छायावाद युग: काव्यधारा तथा गद्य साहित्य
     • छायावादोत्तरकाल: काव्यधारा तथा गद्य साहित्य
     • प्रगतिवादी काव्य, प्रयोगवादी काव्य, नई कविता, समकालीन कविता
     • अद्यतन गद्य साहित्य एवं इतर गद्य विधाएँ (रेखाचित्र, संस्मरण, यात्रावृतांत, आत्मकथा, जीवनी, रिपोर्ताज, फीचर, पत्र-पत्रिकाएँ, रचनात्मक लेखन एवं जनसंचार माध्यम)
     • दलित साहित्य
6. भारतीय एवं पाश्चात्य काव्यशास्त्र और हिन्दी आलोचना:
   • भारतीय काव्यशास्त्र:
     • काव्य-लक्षण, काव्य-प्रयोजन, काव्य-हेतु, काव्य-सम्प्रदाय (रस, अलंकार, रीति, ध्वनि, वक्रोक्ति, औचित्य)
     • भरतमुनि का रस-सूत्र और उसके व्याख्याकार
     • शब्दशक्ति विवेचन, रस-विवेचन, गुण-दोष विवेचन, अलंकार विवेचन, छन्द विवेचन
   • पाश्चात्य काव्यशास्त्र:
     • प्लेटो और अरस्तू का अनुकरण सिद्धान्त, अरस्तू का विरेचन सिद्धान्त
     • लौंजाइनस का उदात्त तत्व, क्रोचे का अभिव्यंजनावाद, आई. ए. रिचर्ड्स का संप्रेषण सिद्धान्त
   • हिन्दी आलोचना:
     • हिन्दी आलोचना का विकास और प्रमुख आलोचक: रामचन्द्र शुक्ल, हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी, नन्ददुलारे बाजपेयी, रामविलास शर्मा, डॉ. नगेन्द्र, डॉ. नामवर सिंह
7. हिन्दी वाक्य रचना एवं व्याकरण:
   • शब्द-विचार: शब्दों के भेद (उद्गम, बनावट, रूपान्तरण के आधार पर)
   • शब्द निर्माण: उपसर्ग, प्रत्यय, सन्धि, सन्धि विच्छेद, समास एवं समास विग्रह
   • वाक्य विचार: वाक्य भेद, वाक्य शुद्धि, वर्तनी शुद्धि, बोध-शक्ति (अपठित गद्यांश एवं पद्यांशबोध)
8. मुहावरे, लोकोक्तियाँ एवं सूक्तियाँ
9. हिन्दी भाषा का उद्भव और विकास:
   • देवनागरी लिपि का उद्भव और विकास
   • हिन्दी भाषा के विविध रूप, उपभाषाएँ और बोलियाँ: वर्गीकरण और क्षेत्र
   • मानक भाषा, राजभाषा और राष्ट्रभाषा
10. उत्तराखण्ड के साहित्य और संस्कृति का सामान्य परिचय

English

Unit I: Poetry

• William Wordsworth
• John Keats
• Alfred Lord Tennyson
• Matthew Arnold
• T.S. Eliot
• W.B. Yeats
• Stephen Spender
• Robert Frost
• Sarojini Naidu
• A.K. Ramanujan
• Kamla Das

Unit II: Essay

• Francis Bacon
• Charles Lamb
• William Hazlitt
• Bertrand Russell
• A.G. Gardiner
• M.K. Gandhi
• Khushwant Singh
• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Unit III: Novel

• Henry Fielding
• Thomas Hardy
• Virginia Woolf
• E.M. Forster
• Mulk Raj Anand
• R.K. Narayan
• Raja Rao
• Amitav Ghosh
• Arvind Adiga

Unit IV: Drama

• William Shakespeare
• George Bernard Shaw
• Harold Pinter
• Girish Karnad
• Rabindranath Tagore
• Vijay Tendulkar
• Mahesh Dattani

Unit V: Short Story

• O. Henry
• Guy de Maupassant
• Ernest Hemingway
• Shashi Deshpande
• Ruskin Bond
• Arundhati Roy

Unit VI: Comprehension of the Text

1. Prose Passage
2. Poetry Passage
   • (Questions shall be based on the interpretation of theme and style of the two passages)

Unit VII: An Acquaintance with Literary Forms, Terms, and Movements

• Literary Movements: Renaissance, Metaphysicals, Gothic Novel, Pre-Raphaelites, Post-Modernism, Existentialism, Deconstruction, and Intertextuality
• Literary Forms: Ballad, Sonnet, Elegy, Ode, Metre, Heroic Couplet, Catharsis, Hamartia, Aside, Chronicle Play, and Travelogue

Unit VIII: Test of Vocabulary

• One Word Substitution
• Antonyms, Synonyms, and Homonyms
• Phrasal Verbs, Idioms, and Phrases
• Spellings

Unit IX: Application of the Rules of English Grammar

• Uses of Tenses and Conditional Sentences
• Subject-Verb Agreement
• Transformation of Sentences
• Direct and Indirect Narration

Unit X: Test of Writing Skills

• Parts of Speech and Figures of Speech with their usage in sentences
• Technical Aspects of Letter and Report Writing

संस्कृत

1. वैदिक साहित्य

• वैदिक साहित्य का इतिहास
  • वैदिक काल-निर्धारण के विषय में विभिन्न सिद्धान्त:
    • मैक्समूलर
    • ए. बेबर
    • जैकोबी
    • बालगंगाधर तिलक
    • एम. विन्टरनिट्ज
    • भारतीय परम्परागत विचार
• वेदांग
  • वेदांगों का सामान्य एवं संक्षिप्त परिचय:
    • शिक्षा
    • कल्प
    • व्याकरण
    • निरुक्त
    • छन्द
    • ज्योतिष
• निरुक्त (अध्याय 1 और 2)
  • चार पदों का विचार
  • आख्यात का विचार
  • उपसर्गों का अर्थ
  • निपातों की कोटियाँ
  • क्रिया के छः रूप (षड्भावविकार)
  • निरुक्त के अध्ययन के उद्देश्य
  • निर्वचन के सिद्धान्त
• निम्नलिखित शब्दों की व्युत्पत्तियाँ
  • आचार्य, गो, वृत्र, आदित्य, वाक्, नदी, पुत्र, अश्व, अग्नि, जातवेदस्, वैश्वानर, निघण्टु
• देवता
  • ऋग्वेद:
    • अग्नि (1.1; 5.8), सवितृ (1.35; 2.38), इन्द्र (1.32; 2.12),
    • रुद्र (1.114), पुरुष सूक्त (10.121), नासदीय (10.129), हिरण्यगर्भ (10.121)
  • यजुर्वेद:
    • शिवसंकल्प सूक्त (34.1-6)
  • अथर्ववेद:
    • भूमि सूक्त (12.1)
• विषय-वस्तु
  • संहिता: सामान्य परिचय
  • ब्राह्मणग्रन्थ: सामान्य परिचय
  • आरण्यकग्रन्थ: सामान्य परिचय
  • उपनिषद्: ईश, केन, कठ, तैत्तिरीय, बृहदारण्यक
  • वैदिक व्याख्या पद्धति: प्राचीन एवं अर्वाचीन; वैदिक एवं लौकिक संस्कृत में अन्तर

2. दर्शन

• ईश्वरकृष्ण की सांख्यकारिका
  • सत्कार्यवाद
  • पुरुष-स्वरूप
  • प्रकृति-स्वरूप
  • सृष्टि-क्रम
  • प्रत्ययसर्ग एवं कैवल्य
• सदानन्द का वेदान्तसार
  • अनुबन्ध-चतुष्ट्य
  • अज्ञान
  • अध्यारोप-अपवाद
  • विवर्त
  • जीवनमुक्ति
• केशवमिश्र की तर्कभाषा
  • पदार्थ
  • कारण
  • प्रमाण: प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान, शब्द प्रमाण
• जैन दर्शन एवं बौद्ध दर्शन का सामान्य अध्ययन

3. व्याकरण

• परिभाषाएँ: संहिता, गुण, वृद्धि, प्रातिपदिक, नदी, घि, उपधा, अपृक्त, गति, पद, विभाषा, सवर्ण, टि, प्रगृह्य, सर्वनामस्थान, निष्ठा
• शब्द रूप: अजन्त, हलन्त, सर्वनाम एवं संख्यावाचक शब्द
• धातु रूप: परस्मैपदी, आत्मनेपदी, उभयपदी
• प्रत्यय: कृत एवं तद्धित प्रत्यय
• कारक: लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी के अनुसार
• समास: लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी के अनुसार
• सन्धि: लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी के अनुसार

4. संस्कृत एवं उत्तराखण्ड का आधुनिक संस्कृत साहित्य तथा काव्यशास्त्र

• पद्य:
  • रघुवंश, मेघदूत, किरातार्जुनीय, शिशुपालवध, नैषधीयचरित, बुद्धचरित (सामान्य परिचय)
• गद्य:
  • दशकुमारचरित, हर्षचरित, कादम्बरी, भीष्मचरित, गंगापुत्रावदान (सामान्य परिचय)
• नाटक:
  • स्वप्नवासवदत्ता, अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तल, मृच्छकटिक, उत्तररामचरित, मुद्राराक्षस, रत्नावली, वेणीसंहार (सामान्य परिचय)

काव्यशास्त्र

• साहित्यदर्पण
  • काव्य की परिभाषा
  • काव्य की अन्य परिभाषाओं का खण्डन
  • शब्दशक्ति: संकेतग्रह, अभिधा, लक्षणा, व्यंजना
  • रस: रस-भेद स्थायी भावों सहित
  • रूपक के प्रकार
  • नाटक के लक्षण
  • महाकाव्य के लक्षण

अन्य

• रामायण
• महाभारत
• पुराण
• मनुस्मृति
• याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति (व्यवहाराध्याय)
• कौटिलीय अर्थशास्त्र

Physics

Unit I: Kinematics

• Frame of reference
• Motion in a straight line: uniform and non-uniform motion, uniformly accelerated motion
• Velocity-time and position-time graphs
• Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion
• Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors
• Relative velocity, unit vector, resolution of a vector in a plane – rectangular components
• Motion in a plane: cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration, projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Unit II: Laws of Motion

• Concept of force and inertia
• Newton’s first law of motion
• Newton’s second law of motion and impulse
• Newton’s third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion and centripetal force and its examples

Unit III: Electrostatics

• Electric charges and Coulomb’s law
• Electric field: electric field due to a point charge, charge distribution, and dipole
• Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux and Gauss’s theorem and its applications
• Electric potential and potential difference
• Electric field as a negative gradient of electric potential
• Electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole, charge distribution, and a system of charges
• Equipotential surfaces and electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization
• Capacitors and capacitance: capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Energy stored in a capacitor
• Van de Graaff generator

Unit IV: Electric Conduction

• Electric current and flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
• Drift velocity, mobility, and their relation with electric current
• Lorentz-Drude theory of electrical conduction
• Wiedemann-Franz’s law
• Ohm’s law and electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors, temperature dependence of resistance
• Kirchhoff’s laws and its applications

Unit V: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Biot-Savart law and its application
• Ampere’s law and its applications
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors
• Moving coil galvanometer and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• Magnetic field lines
• Para-, dia-, and ferromagnetic substances with examples
• Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths

Unit VI: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Electromagnetic induction and Faraday’s law
• Induced EMF and current, Lenz’s Law
• Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents: peak and RMS value of alternating current and voltage
• Reactance and impedance
• LCR series and parallel circuit
• Resonance
• Power in AC circuits and wattless current
• AC generator and transformer

Unit VII: Work, Energy, and Power

• Work, kinetic energy, and work-energy theorem
• Power and potential energy of a spring
• Conservative forces and conservation of mechanical energy
• Non-conservative forces
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Unit VIII: Gravitation

• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
• Law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential
• Escape velocity and orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geo-stationary satellites

Unit IX: Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement current and electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Maxwell’s equations in free space and linear isotropic media
• Boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces
• Scalar and vector potentials
• Gauge invariance
• Electromagnetic waves in free space
• Poynting vector and Poynting theorem
• Energy and momentum of electromagnetic waves

Unit X: Optics

• Reflection of light and spherical mirrors
• Mirror formula
• Refraction of light and total internal reflection and its applications
• Optical fibers
• Refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula
• Magnification and power of a lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of light: blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
• Optical instruments: human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects using lenses
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle
• Reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wave fronts
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle
• Interference: Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width
• Coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit and width of the central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
• Polarization: plane polarized light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids

Unit XI: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Dual nature of radiation and the photoelectric effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations
• Einstein’s equation of the photoelectric effect
• Particle nature of light and matter waves
• Wave nature of particles and de Broglie relation
• Davisson-Germer experiment
• Wave-particle duality
• Wave functions in coordinate and momentum representations
• Commutator and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
• Dirac’s notation for state vectors
• Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent)
• Eigenvalue problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, etc.)
• Tunneling through a barrier

Unit XII: Atoms and Nuclei

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford’s model of the atom
• Bohr model and energy levels
• Hydrogen spectrum, composition and size of the nucleus
• Atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, isotones
• Radioactivity: alpha, beta, and gamma particles and their properties
• Radioactive decay law
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• Nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, and nuclear fusion

Unit XIII: Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors: semiconductor diode, diode as a rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor and transistor action
• Characteristics of a transistor and its use as an amplifier and oscillator
• Number system: binary, octal, hexadecimal, BCD code, Gray code
• Boolean algebra and De Morgan’s law
• Logic circuits: OR gate, AND gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, and XOR gate
• Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators, and similar circuits)
• Operational amplifiers and their applications

Unit XIV: Communication Systems

• Elements of a communication system
• Bandwidth of signals and transmission medium
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky, and space wave propagation
• Need for modulation and production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave
• Computer and communications: need for communication networks, Internet, World Wide Web, and communication protocols
• Local Area Network

Unit XV: Atomic and Molecular Physics

• Quantum states of an electron in an atom
• Electron spin, Hund’s rule, and Pauli exclusion principle
• Stern-Gerlach experiment, Zeeman, Paschen-Back, and Stark effect
• X-ray spectroscopy
• Lasers: spontaneous and stimulated emission
• Einstein A and B coefficients, optical pumping, population inversion, and rate equation
• Modes of resonators and coherence length

Unit XVI: Condensed Matter Physics

• Bravais lattices and reciprocal lattice
• Diffraction and the structure factor
• Bonding of solids and elastic properties
• Phonons and lattice specific heat
• Free electron theory and electronic specific heat
• Response and relaxation phenomena
• Drude model of thermal conductivity
• Band theory of solids: metals, insulators, and semiconductors
• Superconductivity

Unit XVII: Nuclear and Particle Physics

• Basic nuclear properties: size, shape, and charge distribution
• Spin and parity, binding energy
• Semi-empirical mass formula and liquid drop model
• Nature of the nuclear force
• Particle accelerators and detectors
• Classification of elementary particles
• Fundamental interactions and elementary particles’ quantum numbers
• Symmetries and conservation laws
• Lepton and baryon numbers
• Gellmann-Nishijima formula and quark model

Unit XVIII: Mathematical Methods of Physics

• Vector algebra and vector calculus
• Gauss, Stokes, and Green’s theorems
• Matrices: orthogonal, unitary, and Hermitian matrices
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices
• Special functions: Legendre, Bessel, Hermite, and Laguerre functions
• Tensors: covariant, contravariant, and mixed tensors
• Epsilon, Christoffel, and Ricci tensors

Unit XIX: Classical Mechanics

• D’Alembert’s principle
• Central force motions and Kepler’s laws
• Equations of motion for central forces
• Artificial satellites
• Lagrange and Poisson brackets
• Canonical transformations
• Hamilton–Jacobi equation
• Action-angle variables
• Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism and equations of motion
• Special theory of relativity: Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics, and mass–energy equivalence

Unit XX: Thermodynamics

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Concepts of heat, work, and internal energy
• First and second laws of thermodynamics
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engines and refrigerators
• Third law of thermodynamics

Unit XXI: Behavior of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Equation of state for a perfect gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: assumptions and concepts of pressure
• Kinetic energy and temperature
• Root mean square (rms) speed of gas molecules
• Degrees of freedom and the law of equipartition of energy
• Application of equipartition of energy to specific heats of gases
• Mean free path and Avogadro’s number

Unit XXII: Oscillations and Waves

• Periodic motion and periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.): equations, phase, oscillations of a spring (restoring force and force constant)
• Energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies
• Simple pendulum: derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced, and damped oscillations
• Resonance
• Wave motion: longitudinal and transverse waves
• Speed of wave motion and displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves
• Reflection of waves and standing waves in strings and organ pipes
• Fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats and the Doppler effect

CHEMISTRY

SECTION-A
Inorganic Chemistry

1. Structure of Atom
   • Electron behavior, quantum numbers, orbitals and their shapes
   • Rules for filling electrons in various orbitals of sub-shells
   • Electronic configuration of elements
2. Periodic Classification of Elements and Atomic Properties
   • Modern periodic laws and periodicity in properties of elements
   • Extended form of the periodic table including transuranium elements
   • Types of elements based on blocks (s, p, d, f)
   • Atomic properties: atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity
3. Chemical Bonding
   • Ionic bond: ionic solids and close-packed structures of simple ionic compounds
   • Classification and properties of ionic solids
   • Imperfections in ionic solids
   • Covalent bond: Valence Bond Theory (VBT), concept of hybridization, sigma and pi bonds
   • VSEPR theory and shapes of simple inorganic molecules
   • General discussion of Molecular Orbital (MO) theory, MO energy level diagrams for homo and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, bond order
   • Weak interactions: hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces
4. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
   • Theory of disintegration of radioactive substances and emission of particles/rays
   • Soddy-Fajan’s group displacement law
   • Rate of disintegration of radioactive elements, disintegration constant, half-life, and average life
   • Artificial radioactivity: transmutation of elements, nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear reactions and their balancing
   • Nuclear forces, nuclear binding energy, nuclear stability, and neutron-to-proton (N/P) ratio
5. Oxidation, Reduction, and Electrolysis
   • Modern concepts of oxidation and reduction
   • Valency and oxidation number
   • Oxidants and reductants and their equivalent weights
   • Redox reactions and their balancing
   • Electrolysis, standard electrode potential, electrochemical series and its importance
6. Elements of Group 1 and 2
   • Hydrogen, alkali, and alkaline earth metals (s-block)
   • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
   • Nuclear spin isomers of hydrogen molecules, heavier isotopes of hydrogen, heavy water, and hydrogen peroxide
   • General properties, chemical reactivity, and group trends of s-block metals
   • Chemical behavior with respect to their hydrides, halides, and oxides
7. Elements of Groups 3 to 12
   • Transition and inner transition elements (d and f-blocks)
   • Position of d and f-block elements in the periodic table
   • Characteristic properties of d-block elements: variable oxidation states, complex formation tendency, color, magnetic and catalytic properties
   • Comparative study of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition elements concerning their ionic radii and oxidation states
   • Characteristic properties of f-block elements: lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, color, and magnetic properties
8. Elements of Groups 13 to 18 (p-block)
   • General properties and chemical reactivity of elements and group trends
   • Variable oxidation states (inert pair effect)
   • Chemical behavior concerning their hydrides, oxides, and halides
   • Position of noble gases in the periodic table
   • Xenon fluorides and uses of noble gases
9. Extraction of Metals
   • Ores and minerals, concentration of ores
   • General methods of extraction and refining of metals
10. Coordination Chemistry
    • IUPAC system of nomenclature
    • Isomerism in coordination compounds
    • Nature of bonding: Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
    • Crystal field splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar complexes
    • Spectrochemical series
    • Calculation of Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) for d1 to d9 weak and strong field octahedral complexes
    • Electronic transitions and selection rules
    • Electronic spectra of 3d-transition metal complexes
11. Bioinorganic Chemistry
    • Essential and trace elements in biological processes
    • Biological role of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ cations

SECTION-B

Physical Chemistry

1. Solid State
   • Classification of solids based on different binding forces
   • Unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices
   • Packing of solids and number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic cell
2. Gaseous State
   • Kinetic theory of gases and gas laws
   • Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities
   • van der Waals’ equation
   • Critical behavior of gases
   • Law of corresponding states
   • Heat capacity of gases
3. Liquid State & Solution
   • Properties of liquids: viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure
   • Raoult’s law of lowering of vapor pressure
   • Depression of freezing point
   • Elevation of boiling point
   • Osmotic pressure
   • Association and dissociation of solutes
4. Chemical Kinetics
   • Definition of chemical kinetics
   • Rate of chemical reaction and specific reaction rate
   • Molecularity and order of a reaction: zero order, first order, second order, and third order reaction
   • Energy of activation
   • Reversible and irreversible reactions
5. Chemical Equilibrium
   • Definition of chemical equilibrium
   • Law of mass action and its applications
   • Le Chatelier’s principle and its applications
6. Ionization
   • Theory of electrolytic dissociation
   • Factors affecting ionization
   • Ionic product and ionization constant of water
   • Ionic equilibrium: Ostwald’s dilution law
   • Concepts of acids and bases
   • Solubility product and its application in analytical chemistry
   • Salt hydrolysis
7. pH and Buffer Solutions
   • Definition and importance of pH
   • Preparation and characteristics of buffer solutions
8. Catalysis
   • Types and theories of catalysis
   • Classification and characteristics of catalysts
9. Distribution Law and Its Applications
   • Definition and significance of distribution law
   • Applications in extraction and purification
10. Colloidal State
    • Definition and characteristics of colloids
    • Types of colloids and their properties
11. Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry
    • Terms used in thermodynamics
    • First law of thermodynamics: heat content and heat capacity
    • Second law of thermodynamics
    • Thermochemistry: heat of reaction, heat of formation, heat of combustion, heat of neutralization, heat of solution, intrinsic energy
    • Hess’s law of constant heat summation

SECTION – C

Organic Chemistry

1. General Organic Chemistry
   • Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds
   • Electronic displacement: inductive, electromeric, and mesomeric effects
   • Resonance and hyperconjugation and their applications in organic compounds
   • Electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals
   • Organic acids and bases
   • Effects of structure on the strength of organic acids and bases
   • Hydrogen bond and its effect on the properties of organic compounds
2. Stereochemistry
   • Elements of symmetry
   • Optical and geometrical isomerism in simple organic compounds
   • Absolute configuration (R & S)
   • Configurations of geometrical isomers
   • E & Z notations
   • Conformations and stability of cyclohexane, mono- and disubstituted cyclohexanes
3. Aliphatic Compounds
   • Chemistry of simple organic compounds belonging to the following classes with special reference to the mechanisms of the reactions involved: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, and their derivatives
4. Aromatic Compounds
   • Modern structure of benzene
   • Concept of aromaticity
   • Huckel rule and its simple application to non-benzenoid aromatic and heterocyclic compounds
   • Activating and deactivating effect of substituent groups
   • Directive influence
   • Chemistry of the compounds containing the following groups attached to the benzene ring: halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, aldehydic, ketonic, and carboxylic groups
5. Name Reactions & Rearrangements and Their Mechanism
   • Reimer-Tiemann reaction
   • Vilsmeier reaction
   • Sharpless epoxidation reaction
   • Barton reaction
   • Favorskii reaction
   • Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement
   • Beckmann rearrangement
6. Carbohydrates
   • Classification and general reactions of monosaccharides
   • Chemical properties and structure of glucose, fructose, and sucrose
7. Natural Products
   • General methods of structure elucidation of terpenoids and alkaloids
8. Elementary Idea of Chemistry of
   • Oils, fats, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, and their roles in nutrition and industry
9. Organic Polymers
   • Mechanism of polymerization
   • Polymers of industrial importance
   • Synthetic fibers
10. Organometallic Compounds
    • Organometallic reagents of lithium, magnesium, and zinc and their synthetic applications
11. Spectroscopy
    • Basic principles and applications of spectroscopic techniques: UV, Visible, IR, and NMR
12. Chromatography
    • Classification of chromatographic techniques
    • General principles of adsorption, partition, ion exchange, paper, and thin layer chromatography
13. Environmental Chemistry
    • Air pollutants and their toxic effects
    • Depletion of the ozone layer
    • Effects of oxides of nitrogen
    • Chlorofluorocarbons and their effects on the ozone layer
    • Greenhouse effect
    • Acid rain
    • Strategy for the control of environmental pollution

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I:

1. Set Theory:
   • Set theory, Empty and Finite sets.
   • Subsets, Power set, Universal set.
   • Venn diagrams.
   • Union, intersection, and Difference of sets.
   • Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphism, cyclic groups, permutation groups, Cayley’s theorem, Sylow theorem, Rings.
2. Relations and Functions:
   • Relations and Functions, Cartesian product of sets.
   • Domain, co-domain, and range of a relation.
   • Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another.
   • Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain, and range of a function.
   • Various types of functions with their graphs.

UNIT II:

1. Mathematical Induction:
   • Principle of Mathematical Induction and simple applications.
   • Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations, Need for complex numbers, description of algebraic properties of complex numbers.
   • Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers.
   • Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system, Square-root of a Complex number.
2. Linear Inequalities:
   • Linear Inequalities, Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line.
   • Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
3. Permutations and Combinations:
   • Permutations and Combinations, Fundamental principle of counting.
   • n! function.
   • Permutations and combinations derivation of formulae and their connections, simple applications.
   • Binomial theorem for positive integral indices, simple applications.
4. Sequence and Series:
   • Arithmetic Progression, Geometric Progression, general term of these series, sum of n terms of a Geometric Progression, infinite Geometric Progression and its sum.
   • Relation between Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean.

UNIT III:

1. Two-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry:
   • Straight Lines, shifting of origin.
   • General equation of a line, various forms of equations of a line.
   • Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.
   • Distance of a point from a line.
   • Circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, degenerated conic section.
   • Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola.
   • Standard equation of a circle.
2. Three-dimensional Geometry:
   • Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions.
   • Coordinates of a point.
   • Distance between two points and section formula.
   • Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points.
   • Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines.
   • Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.
   • Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane.
   • Distance of a point from a plane.
3. Vector Analysis:
   • Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector.
   • Direction cosines/ratios of vectors.
   • Types of vectors, position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
   • Scalar product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line.
   • Vector product of vectors, scalar triple product.

UNIT IV:

1. Statistics and Probability:
   • Measure of dispersion, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.
   • Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
   • Sample space and events with classical, empirical, axiomatic definition of probability.
   • Occurrence of events, ‘not’, ‘and’, and ‘or’ events.
   • Multiplications theorem on probability. Independent events, mutually exclusive events, conditional probability.
   • Baye’s theorem.
   • Discrete and continuous univariate distributions namely, Binomial, Poisson, and Normal.
2. Matrices and Determinants:
   • Types of matrices, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
   • Operations on matrices and their properties, Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse.
   • Determinant of a matrix, properties, minors, cofactors, and applications of determinants.
   • Adjoint and inverse matrix.
   • Solutions of system of linear equations and examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT V:

1. Differential Calculus:
   • Derivative of a function, Continuity and differentiability, derivative of sum, difference, product, and quotient of functions.
   • Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions.
   • Derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function.
   • Concepts of exponential, logarithmic functions. Derivatives of loge x and ex.
   • Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms.
   • Second order derivatives.
   • Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems and their geometric interpretations.
   • Applications of derivatives in finding tangents and normals, approximation, maxima, and minima. Simple problems.
2. Integral Calculus:
   • Integration, Integration of functions by substitution, by partial fractions, and by parts, example related cases.
   • Definite integrals as a limit of a sum.
   • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
   • Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
   • Applications of the Integrals in finding the area under simple curves.
3. Differential Equations:
   • Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.
   • Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given.
   • Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.
   • Solutions of linear differential equations.
   • Homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs, variation of parameters.
   • Lagrange and Charpit method for solving first-order Partial differential equations, Cauchy’s problem for first-order PDE, classification of second-order PDEs.
4. Linear Programming:
   • Mathematical formulation of linear programming problems, different types of linear programming problems.
   • Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions.
   • Simplex method, dual of LPP, Dual simplex method.

UNIT VI:

1. Calculus of Variation:
   • Variation of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation, necessary and sufficient conditions for extrema.
   • Variation methods for boundary value problems in ODEs and PDEs.
2. Numerical Analysis:
   • Numerical solutions of algebraic equations: method of iteration and Newton-Raphson method, Rate of convergence, solution of system of linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss-Seidel method.
   • Interpolation in equal and unequal differences.
   • Solution of IVP.

BIOLOGY

1. DIVERSITY IN PLANTS & ANIMALS
   • a. General concept of microorganisms. Morphology, structure, reproduction, and life cycle of bacteria and viruses.
   • b. Structure, reproduction, and life cycle in fungi.
   • c. Classification of fungi with characteristic features of Myxomycotina, Mastigomycotina, Oomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina.
   • d. Economic importance of fungi.
   • e. Concept of disease, symptoms of plant diseases, methods of infection.
   • f. Brief account of structure, disease cycle, and control methods of damping off, wilt, root rot, stem rot, powdery and downy mildews, rust, smuts, leaf spots, and leaf blights.
   • g. Economic importance of microbes.
   • h. Classification of algae.
   • i. Salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Cyanophyta.
   • j. General account of various life cycles in algae.
   • k. Economic importance of algae.
   • l. General account of morphology, structure, reproduction, and life history of bryophytes.
   • m. Classification of bryophytes.
   • n. Economic importance of bryophytes.
   • o. Classification of pteridophytes.
   • p. Morphology and life history of Psilophytopsida, Psilotopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida, and Pteropsida.
   • q. Economic importance of pteridophytes.
   • r. Classification of Gymnosperms.
   • s. Morphology and life history of Pteridospermales, Bennetitales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Taxales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales, and Gnetales.
   • t. Economic importance of Gymnosperms.
   • u. Important systems of classification of Angiosperms (Bentham and Hooker, Hutchinson, and Cronquist).
   • v. Role of anatomy, embryology, cytology, phytochemistry, and palynology in taxonomy.
   • w. Distinguishing features of Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Primulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae with their economic importance.
   • x. General characters and classification of the following phyla up to classes: Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
   • y. Locomotion in Protozoa, canal system in Porifera, polymorphism in Coelenterata, parasitic adaptations in Helminthes, and social life in insects.
   • z. Affinities of Hemichordata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata. Parental care in Amphibians, poisonous & non-poisonous snakes, and migration in birds. General characters of Prototheria, Metatheria, and Eutheria with affinities.
2. CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS
   • a) Composition, structure, function, and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and pigments.
   • b) Classification of enzymes, enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes, and coenzymes.
   • c) Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins.
   • d) Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer, and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport.
   • e) Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, structure & function of cytoskeleton, and its role in motility.
   • f) Structure of chromosomes and giant chromosomes.
   • g) Mitosis and meiosis, cell cycle, regulation, and control of the cell cycle.
   • h) Unit of replication, enzymes involved, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage, and repair mechanisms.
   • i) Structure of nucleic acids: Helix (A, B, Z).
   • j) RNA synthesis and processing.
   • k) Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment. Inheritance and variation.
   • l) Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles.
   • m) Extension of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex-influenced characters; mutation, its types, and causes.
   • n) Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance.
   • o) Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy.
   • p) Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombinations including transposition.
   • q) Aims, objectives, and basic techniques of plant breeding.
   • r) Crop improvement methods: plant introduction, selection, acclimatization, hybridization, vegetative propagation, and grafting.
   • s) Hybridization: Interspecific and inter-generic, pure line, back cross hybridization, self-incompatibility system.
3. EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR
   • a. Lamarckism and Darwinism, adaptations, struggle, fitness, and natural selection; Mendelism; The evolutionary synthesis, evidences of organic evolution.
   • b. Origin of basic biological molecules; abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; concept of Oparin and Haldane; experiment of Miller (1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes; origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis, and aerobic metabolism.
   • c. Geological time scale, major events in the evolutionary time scale; origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms; major groups of animals; major fossil records, evolution of horse, elephant, and man.
   • d. Concepts of neutral evolution.

4.APPLIED BIOLOGY

• a) Fiber yielding plants, medicinal and aromatic plants.
• b) Important timber-yielding plants and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as bamboos, gums, tannins, dyes, resins, beverages, and ornamental plants.
• c) Intellectual Property Rights.
• d) Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules.
• e) Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals.
• f) Transgenic plants and animals, molecular approaches in diagnosis and strain identification.
• g) Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
• h) Breeding in plants and animals, including marker-assisted selection.
• i) Common parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals.
• j) Sericulture, apiculture, lac culture, vermiculture, pearl culture, and fish culture.
• k) Insects used in medicines, bio-control, and food.
• l) Integrated pest management.

5. PLANT AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

• a) Plant water relations: diffusion, osmosis, water potential and its components, plasmolysis, imbibition, absorption of water, root pressure, and ascent of sap.
• b) Water loss in plants: Transpiration and its significance, factors affecting transpiration, mechanism of stomatal opening and closing, guttation.
• c) Mineral Nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micro nutrients, criteria of essentiality of elements, role of essential elements, mineral deficiency symptoms, transport of ions across the cell membrane, active and passive transport.
• d) Photosynthesis in plants.
• e) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport system, fermentation, R.Q.
• f) Nitrogen fixation, nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
• g) Plant Growth Regulators: Physiological effects and mechanism of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, polyamines, jasmonic acid; hormone receptors and vitamins.
• h) Photoperiodism and its significance.
• i) Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols, nitrogenous compounds, and their role.
• j) Responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses.
• k) Comparative anatomy of the heart; myogenic & neurogenic heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood pressure, hormonal and neural regulation of the heart; Morphological types of neurons, origin and physiology of transmission of nerve impulses. Types of nitrogenous wastes in animals, physiology of urine formation in mammals; types of enzymes and vitamins and their significance in human physiology. Endocrine glands, their secretions and functions. Physiology of digestion in man.

6. ECOLOGY

• a) Types, structure, and functions of ecosystems (Aquatic, terrestrial).
• b) Energy flow and nutrient cycling (N, P, C, O), food chain, food web, and ecological pyramids.
• c) Population Ecology: Characteristics, population growth curve, population regulation, demes, and dispersal.
• d) Community ecology: Structure and organization, attributes, nomenclature.
• e) Ecological Succession: Types, mechanism, changes involved in succession.
• f) Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, noise, nuclear (sources, effects, and mitigation).
• g) Biodiversity: Genetic, species, and ecosystem; Value of biodiversity, causes of depletion of biodiversity and its conservation (intrinsic and extrinsic conservation).

7. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

• a) Pollination, fertilization, and development of endosperm; development of the embryo in plants and seed formation. Structure of ovule, megasporogenesis, development, and organization of embryo sacs.
• b) Gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development in frog, chick, and mammals; blastula formation, gastrulation, and formation of germ layers in animals. Zygote formation and embryogenesis.
• c) Development of eye, brain, and heart in chick; classification of placenta; physiology and functions of placenta in mammals.
• d) Types of metamorphosis and its hormonal control in animals.
• e) Extra-embryonic membranes in chick.

8. BIOTECHNOLOGY

• a) Different types of microorganisms.
• b) Brief idea of techniques and scope of genetic engineering.
• c) Gene cloning: concept and basic steps; application of bacteria and viruses in the genetic molecular biology of E. coli and bacteriophages in the context of their use in genetic engineering.
• d) Plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures; tissue culture techniques; collection and storage of germplasm (cryopreservation); application of plant tissue culture. Transgenic plants.
• e) Biofertilizers and biological control in fields.
• f) Elementary idea of Genetically Modified Food Crops, Nanobiotechnology, PCR, RT-PCR, Gene library, Gene Bank.
• g) Types of Molecular markers and their role.

9. METHODS IN BIOLOGY

• a) Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods:
  • Analysis of RNA, DNA, and proteins by one and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels.
  • Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal, and plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences.
  • Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC, and YAC vectors.
  • Protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.
  • Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level; large scale expression, such as microarray-based techniques.
  • Isolation, separation, and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules.
  • RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP techniques.
• b) Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson, and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non-parametric; confidence interval; errors; levels of statistics; significance, regression, and correlation; t-test; analysis of variance; Chi-square test.
• c) Microscopic techniques: Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning, and transmission microscopes.
• d) Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect, and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods.

CIVICS

1. Political Theory and Thought

• Nature of Political Theory
  • Its main concern, decline, and resurgence
• Key Concepts in Political Thought
  • Democracy
  • Liberty
  • Equality
  • Justice
  • Sovereignty
  • Liberalism
  • Marxism
• Power, Authority, and Legitimacy
• Indian Political Thought
  • Manu
  • Kautilya
  • Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
  • Gandhi
  • Ambedkar
• Western Political Thought
  • Plato and Aristotle
  • Bentham
  • J.S. Mill
  • Hegel
  • Marx
• Contemporary Political Thought
  • Lenin
  • Mao
  • Gramsci
  • John Rawls

2. Comparative Politics and Political Analysis

• Comparative Politics
  • Definition, nature, and scope of the discipline
• Approaches to the Study of Comparative Politics
  • Traditional
  • Modern
• Forms of Government
  • Unitary vs. Federal
  • Parliamentary vs. Presidential
• Organs of Government
  • Executive, Legislature, Judiciary
  • Their interrelationship in a comparative perspective
• Party Systems and Pressure Groups
• Electoral Systems
• Key Concepts in Political Analysis
  • Political Development
  • Political Culture
  • Political Socialization
  • Political Elite
  • Elitist Theory of Democracy

3. Indian Government and Politics

• Indian National Movement
  • Consequences of the First War of Independence
  • Formation and working of the Indian National Congress
  • Gandhiji’s role in the Independence Movement
  • Contribution of revolutionaries in the freedom movement
• Constituent Assembly
  • Composition and working
• Key Aspects of the Indian Constitution
  • Preamble
  • Citizenship
  • Fundamental Rights
  • Directive Principles of State Policy
  • Fundamental Duties
• Constitutional Amendment Process
  • Social change through amendments
• Structure and Process of the Indian Government (Part I)
  • President
  • Prime Minister
  • Council of Ministers
  • Working of the Parliamentary System
• Structure and Process of the Indian Government (Part II)
  • Governor
  • Chief Minister
  • Council of Ministers at the State Level
  • State Legislature
• Local Self Governance in Uttarakhand
  • Rural and Urban governance
  • Impact of reservation for women in local self-governance
• Federalism in India
  • Federal structure
  • Demands for autonomy and separatist movements
  • Emerging trends in Centre-State relations
• Judiciary in India
  • Supreme Court and High Courts (composition and working)
  • Judicial Review
  • Judicial Activism (including Public Interest Litigation cases)
  • Judicial Reforms
• Key Issues in Indian Politics
  • Secularism
  • Communalism
  • Regionalism
  • Caste politics
• Anti-corruption Mechanisms
  • Lokpal and Lokayukta in India
• New Social Movements in India
  • Farmers’ movements
  • Women’s movements
  • Environment and Development-affected people’s movements
• Political Parties and Public Opinion
• Role of Women in the Uttarakhand State Movement
• Niti Aayog
  • Composition
  • Functions
• Election Commission of India
  • Electoral reforms
  • Empowerment of women in Uttarakhand State.
  • Composition and working of Human Rights Commission in Uttarakhand.

4. Public Administration

• Public Administration
  • Meaning, nature, and scope
• Principles of Organization
  • Line and Staff
  • Hierarchy
  • Span of control
  • Unity of command
  • Centralization and Decentralization
• Types of Organization
  • Formal and Informal
  • Forms of organization: Department and Public Corporation
• Chief Executive
  • Types of chief executives
  • Functions and roles
• Personnel Administration
  • Recruitment
  • Training
  • Promotion
• Bureaucracy
  • Types and roles
  • Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy and its critics
• Financial Administration
  • Budget and Budget formation in India
  • Role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
• Good Governance
  • Problems of administrative corruption
  • Transparency and accountability, with special reference to Uttarakhand
• Right to Information (RTI)

5. International Relations

• International Relations
  • Meaning, nature, and scope
• Power in International Relations
  • Elements of power
  • Promotion of national interest
  • Determinants of foreign policy
• Arms and Weapons
  • Conventional, Nuclear, and Bio-chemical weapons
  • Nuclear Deterrence
• Arms Race and Disarmament
  • Arms control
  • Disarmament
• Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and Diplomacy
• Non-Alignment and Globalization
• New International Economic Order
  • North-South Dialogue
  • South-South Cooperation
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
• United Nations (UN)
  • Aims, objectives, and structure of the UN
  • Working of the UN in the areas of peace, development, and environment
• Regional and Sub-Regional Organizations
  • SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
  • ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
  • OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
• India’s Role in International Affairs
  • India’s relations with its neighbors: Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
  • India’s relations with major countries: UK, USA, Russia, and China
  • Indian Foreign Policy and Diplomacy
  • India’s Nuclear Policy
• Terrorism and State-Sponsored Terrorism
• Changing Concept of National Security
  • Challenges to the nation-state system

Economics

1. Microeconomics

• Introduction to Microeconomics
  • Meaning and central economic problems
  • Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) and opportunity cost
• Consumer Equilibrium and Demand
  • Meaning of utility and marginal utility
  • Law of diminishing marginal utility
  • Consumer equilibrium using marginal utility analysis
  • Demand and its determinants
  • Movement vs. shift in the demand curve
  • Price elasticity of demand: determinants and measurement
  • Indifference curve analysis and consumer equilibrium
• Producer Behavior and Supply
  • Production function: Total, average, and marginal products
  • Laws of returns (Increasing, Constant, and Diminishing returns)
  • Concepts of cost (Fixed, Variable, Total) and revenue; their relationship
  • Producer equilibrium: meaning and conditions
  • Supply and its determinants
  • Movement vs. shift in the supply curve
  • Price elasticity of supply and its measurement
• Market Forms and Price Determination
  • Features of different market forms: Perfect competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic competition, Oligopoly
  • Market equilibrium and price determination under perfect competition
  • Government price controls: Ceiling price and floor price
  • Theories of factors of production: Land, Labor, Capital, and Profit

2. Macroeconomics

• Introduction to Macroeconomics
  • Meaning and scope
  • National Income Accounting
    • Circular flow of income
    • Methods of measuring National Income: Product (Value-added), Expenditure, and Income method
    • National Income aggregates: GNP, NNP, GDP, NDP at factor cost and market price
    • Disposable income, private income, personal income
    • Real vs. Nominal GDP and its relation to welfare
• Money and Banking
  • Meaning and functions of money
  • Supply of money and its measures
  • Credit creation by commercial banks
  • Central Bank functions, credit control
  • Concepts of money inflation and trade cycles
• Income and Employment Determination
  • Aggregate demand and supply functions
  • Determination of income and employment
  • Propensity to consume and save
  • Investment multiplier and its mechanism
  • Full employment and involuntary unemployment
  • Measures to correct unemployment
• Government Budget and Economy
  • Meaning, objectives, and components of the budget
  • Classification of receipts and expenditures
  • Measures of government deficits: Revenue, fiscal, and primary deficits
  • Fiscal policy
• Balance of Payment
  • Meaning and components
  • Balance of payment deficit
  • Exchange rate: Meaning, types, and determination in a free market

3. Indian Economy

• Developmental Policies and Experiences (1947–1990)
  • Main features of the Indian economy
  • Goals of Five Year Plans
  • Growth and sectoral development
  • Agriculture: Main features, problems, policies, and organic farming
  • Industrial development and policy
  • India’s foreign trade
• Economic Reforms Since 1991
• Current Challenges of the Indian Economy
  • Population and human capital formation
  • Formal and informal employment
  • Poverty and poverty alleviation programs
  • Rural development: Credit and marketing problems
  • Role of cooperatives
  • Health and energy challenges
  • Inflation and sustainable development
  • Environment, global warming, and comparative development with Pakistan and China
  • Role of NITI Aayog

4. Statistics

• Meaning, Scope, and Importance of Statistics
• Data Collection
  • Sources and methods
  • Organization of data
• Frequency Distribution and Data Presentation
• Measures of Central Tendency
  • Mean, Median, Mode
• Measures of Dispersion
  • Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard deviation
  • Relative dispersion measures
  • Lorenz curve and application
• Correlation
  • Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s methods
• Index Numbers
  • Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price Index, Index of Industrial Production
  • Their uses and relation to inflation

History

Ancient India

• Sources of Ancient Indian History
  • Archaeological sources, epigraphy, numismatics
  • Literary sources and travel accounts
• Prehistoric Period
  • Evolution of human beings: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
• Indus Valley Civilization
  • Origin, date, extent, characteristics, and decline
• The Vedic Age
  • Evolution of society, economy, religion, and polity
  • Vedic literature
• Sixteen Mahajanapadas and Rise of Magadha Empire
• Era of New Religions
  • Jainism and Buddhism: Basic tenets, spread, and decline
• Foreign Invasions
  • Iranian and Macedonian influences
• The Mauryan Empire
  • Foundation: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusar, Asoka, and his Dhamma
  • Mauryan administration, society, economy, art, and the empire’s decline
• Post-Mauryan India
  • Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas, Pahlavas, Western Kshatrapas: Society, art and architecture, economy
• Satavahanas and Sangam Age
  • Sangam literature, King Kharvela
• The Gupta Empire
  • Foundation: Shrigupta, Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya), Skandagupta, later Guptas
  • Extent, downfall, administration, society, culture, art, architecture, trade, caste system
  • Educational system: Universities of Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Vallabhi
  • Foreign relations
• Other Kingdoms
  • Vakatakas, Maukharis, Harsha: Political and religious achievements
• New Powers
  • Chalukyas of Badami, Kadambas: Administration, Vaishnavism, and Saivism (Sankaracharya)
  • Chalukyas of Kalyani, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas, Pallavas: Administration, local government, art, architecture, trade, contact with Sri Lanka and South-East Asia
• Other Dynasties and Invasions
  • Varmans of Kamrup, Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Chandels, Kalachuris, Chedis, Senas, Chalukyas of Gujarat
  • Invasions of Islam: Mohammad-bin-Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Al-Beruni

Medieval India

• Sources of Medieval Indian History
  • Archaeological sources, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments
  • Literary sources: Persian, Sanskrit, regional languages, accounts of foreign travelers
• The Sultanate Period
  • Ghorids, Turks, Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Saiyyads, Lodis
  • Administration, economy, society (including the position of women)
  • Art and architecture, religious movements (Sufi and Bhakti)
  • Education, literature, decline of the Delhi Sultanate
  • Emergence of regional powers
• Vijayanagara and Bahmani Kingdoms
  • Extent, administration, society, culture, economy, architecture, literature, decline
• Advent of the Mughals
  • Babar to Aurangzeb and later Mughals
  • Afghan interlude: Sher Shah Suri and his reforms
• Mughal Administration
  • Land reforms, Mansabdari and Jagirdari systems
  • Economy, internal and external trade
  • Society and culture: Indo-Islamic architecture, painting, music, literature (Persian, Sanskrit, regional languages)
• Decline of the Mughal Empire
  • Causes of disintegration
• Rise of Maratha Power
  • Shivaji and Maratha Confederacy: Extent, administration, society, culture, decline

Modern India

• Sources of Modern Indian History
  • Archaeological and archival materials, coins, monuments
  • European and Indian literature (biographies, memoirs, travelogues, newspapers, missionary texts)
• Advent of Colonial Powers
  • European traders and inter-colonial rivalry: Portuguese, Dutch, English, French
  • Consolidation of British Empire
• Relations of the East India Company with Indian States
  • Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Marathas, Sikhs
• Administration under the East India Company and the Crown
  • Evolution of central and provincial structures (1773–1853)
  • Paramountcy, civil service, judiciary, police, army
• Economy under British Rule
  • Changing composition of economy, “Tribute” system
  • Expansion and commercialization of agriculture, famines, epidemics, land rights, rural indebtedness, decline of handicrafts
  • British industrial policy: Major industries, factory legislations, labor and trade union movements
• Monetary Policy and Infrastructure
  • Banking, railways, surface transport

Indian Society in Transition

• Advent of Christianity

  • Missionary activities and their contributions to society: Education, health care, social hygiene

• Educational System under the British Rule

  • Evolution and impact of British education policies on Indian society

• Indian Renaissance and Socio-Religious Movements

  • Key proponents and reformers of socio-religious movements (Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, etc.)
  • Impact on Indian society and culture

• Advent of the Printing Press

  • Role of journalistic activities in shaping public opinion and political consciousness

Struggle for Independence

• Rise of Indian Nationalism

  • Social and economic bases for the national movement

• The Uprising of 1857

  • Causes and consequences
  • Tribal and peasant movements

• Indian National Congress (1885–1920)

  • Early years and phases of the Indian National Congress

• Left-Wing Politics in India

  • Emergence and role of left parties in the freedom struggle

• Swadeshi Movement and Partition of Bengal

  • Significance and impact on the nationalist movement

• Indian Revolutionary Activities (Home and Abroad)

  • Key revolutionaries and their contributions

• Gandhi and the Gandhian Movements

  • Role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle

• Movements Related to Depressed Classes

  • Justice Party, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Periyar, and their efforts for the upliftment of the lower castes

• Rise of Communal Politics

  • Emergence of communal divisions and role of Jinnah

• Indian National Army (INA) and Subhash Chandra Bose

  • Contributions and significance of the INA in the freedom struggle

• Towards Independence and Partition of India

  • Key events and negotiations leading to independence and partition

• Making of the Constitution

  • Formation of the Constituent Assembly and the drafting of the Indian Constitution

• Role of Uttarakhand in the National Movement

  • Contributions of Uttarakhand to the Indian independence struggle

World History

• Introduction to World History

• Early Societies

  • Introduction to early societies from the beginning of time: Africa and Europe till 15000 BCE

• Early Cities

  • Iraq in the 3rd millennium BCE

• Empires

  • Roman Empire: 27 BCE to 600 CE (Empire across three continents)

• Central Islamic Lands

  • History from the 7th to the 12th centuries

• Nomadic Empires

  • Mongol Empire: 13th to 14th centuries

• Changing Traditions

  • Three Orders: Western Europe from the 13th to the 16th centuries

• Changing Cultural Traditions in Europe

  • Cultural changes from the 14th to the 17th centuries

• Revolutions in Europe

  • French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and their global impact

• Confrontation of Cultures

  • Colonization of America (15th to 18th centuries)

• Paths to Modernization

  • Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions

• Displacing Indigenous People

  • Colonization and its effects on indigenous populations in North America and Australia (18th to 20th centuries)

• Paths to Modernization (East Asia)

  • Transformation of East Asia in the late 19th and 20th centuries

• Europe between the World Wars

  • Political and social dynamics in Europe after World War I and leading into World War II

• The Great Depression and the New Deal

  • Economic crisis of the 1930s and the response in the United States

• Nazism and Fascism

  • Rise and consequences of authoritarian regimes in Europe

• Influence of Communism in China

  • The Kuomintang and the Long March of Mao Zedong

• United Nations Organization (UNO)

  • Formation, objectives, and role in global politics

• The Cold War

  • Origins, key events, and the balance of power in global politics

• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

  • India’s role in the Non-Aligned Movement and post-independence foreign policy

Art

Fundamentals of Art:

• Elements of Art:

  • Line
  • Form
  • Color
  • Tone
  • Texture
  • Space

• Principles of Composition:

  • Unity
  • Harmony
  • Balance
  • Dominance
  • Rhythm
  • Proportion

• Drawing:

  • Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Drawing
  • Perspective Drawing

• Creative Process:

  • Expression
  • Imagination
  • Sensation
  • Content

• Materials and Techniques:

  • Pencil
  • Charcoal
  • Pen and Ink
  • Watercolor
  • Oil Paint
  • Gouache
  • Pastel
  • Mural
  • Fresco
  • Tempera
  • Mosaic
  • Wash Technique
  • Mix Media

Technical Art:

• Meaning, Definition, and Characteristics of Technical Art

• 2D and 3D Geometry

• Drawing Instruments:

  • Pencil, Scales, Dividers, Protractors, Compass, T-Squares, Set Squares, Irregular Curves

• Types of Triangles:

  • Right-Angled
  • Equilateral
  • Isosceles
  • Scalene

• Geometrical Shapes:

  • Properties and Identification

• Building Drawing:

  • Shape, Size, Artistic Architectural Drawing, Basic Form
  • Produce 2D and 3D Model Drawings of a Building and Its Components
  • Freehand Artistic Sketch of a Floor Plan and Foundation

History of Art:

Indian Art:

• Prehistoric Period

• Indus Valley Civilization

• Maurya Period

• Gupta Period

• Ajanta, Ellora, and Bagh Caves

• Mughal Style

• Rajasthani Style

• Uttarakhand Style

• Patna Style

• Raja Ravi Varma

• Bengal School of Art

• Kalighat Paintings

• Progressive Artist Group

• Calcutta Group

• Madras School

• Shilpi Chakra

• Independent Developments in Indian Contemporary Art

• Indo-Islamic Architecture

• Temple Architecture and Sculpture

• Folk Art:

  • Origin, Meaning, and Progress
  • Madhubani Art
  • Rangoli, Thapa, Mandana, Alpana, Sanjhi, Godana, Aipan, Kalamkari
  • Folk Culture and Art of Uttarakhand

Western Art:

• Prehistoric Period
• Egyptian and Mesopotamian Art
• Cretan and Etruscan Art
• Greek, Roman, Christian Art
• Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic
• Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo
• Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism
• Expressionism, Cubism, Fauvism
• Surrealism, Abstractism, Futurism

Aesthetics:

• Art and Beauty:

  • Origin, Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Classification
  • Six Limbs, Alankar, Ras, Dhwani, Auchitya

• Art’s Relationship with Society, Tradition, Religion, Imagination, Imitation, Communication, Symbolism, Creativity, Psychology

• Concepts of Intuition, Empathy, Dream, and Fantasy

• Theory of Formism

• Indian and Western Thinkers on Art and Aesthetics

COMMERCE
Part-A 

Business Studies

Part I: Introduction to Business

• Nature and Purpose of Business
• Business vs. Profession
• Forms of Business Organization:
  • Nature and Limitations of Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Joint Stock Companies, Cooperatives
• Private and Public Enterprises
• Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
• Emerging Models of Business: E-commerce, Franchising, Joint Ventures, etc.
• Business Ethics
• Technological Innovations
• Skill Development
• Make in India Initiative

Part II: Corporate Organization and Legal Aspects of Business

(a) Companies Act 2013

• Administration:
  • National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
  • National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)
• Formation of a Joint Stock Company
• Types of Companies:
  • Public and Private Companies
  • Government Companies
  • One-Man Companies
• Doctrine of Constructive Notice and Indoor Management
• Lifting of Corporate Veil
• Documentation:
  • Red Herring Prospectus
  • Shelf Prospectus
  • Memorandum of Association (MOA)
  • Articles of Association (AOA)
• Management:
  • Role of Directors, Company Meetings, and Resolutions
• Winding up of a Company
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Meaning, Legal Enforcement

(b) Consumer Protection Act

• Need and Significance
• Consumer Awareness and Rights
• Legal Provisions under the Act

(c) Goods and Services Tax (GST)

• Objectives and Implications on Business

Part III: Business Environment

• Meaning, Nature, and Elements of Business Environment
• Economic Environment:
  • Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG)
  • Second Generation Reforms
  • New Industrial Policy: Latest Changes Initiated by the Government

Part IV: Business, Financial, and Marketing Management

(a) Business Management

• Nature, Significance, and Principles of Management
• Planning:
  • Objectives, Strategies, Planning Process, and Decision-Making
• Organizing:
  • Organizational Structure
  • Formal and Informal Organizations
  • Power and Authority
• Staffing:
  • Process, Training, and Development
  • Performance Appraisal
• Directing:
  • Motivation
  • Leadership
  • Communication
• Controlling:
  • Need, Process, and Techniques

(b) Financial Management

• Meaning and Objectives
• Factors Affecting Financial Decisions
• Capital Structure
• Cost of Capital
• Capital Budgeting

(c) Marketing Management

• Evolution of Marketing
• Marketing vs Selling
• Marketing Mix (4 Ps)
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
• Modern Marketing Practices
• Market Segmentation
• Consumer Behavior
• Marketing Decisions: Product, Price, Promotion, Distribution

Part V: Banking Institutions and International Trade

(a) Banking Institutions

• Role of Banking in Business
• Types of Banks and Their Functions
  • RBI, NABARD, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
• Reforms in the Banking Sector: Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), Digital Banking
• Demonetization and Its Impact on the Banking Sector

(b) International Trade

• Meaning and Nature of International Trade
• Balance of Payment
• International Economic Institutions:
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
  • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
  • Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• World Trade Organization (WTO): Functions and Policies
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Part B – Accountancy:

Unit 1: Introduction to Accounting

• Meaning and Objectives of Accounting
• Role of Accounting
• Advantages and Limitations
• Accounting as an Information System
• Basic Accounting Concepts and Conventions
• Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

Unit 2: Accounting Process

• Accounting Equations
• Golden Rules of Accounting and Basic Accounting Terms
• Accounting Systems:
  • Journal, Ledger, Books of Original Entry
  • Cash Book, Purchase Book, Sales Book
  • Purchase Return Book and Sales Return Book
• Methods of Preparing Trial Balance
• Rectification of Errors

Unit 3: Final Accounts

• Preparation of Final Accounts with Adjustments for Non-Corporate Business Entities (Sole Proprietorship)

Unit 4: Bank Reconciliation Statement and Bills of Exchange

• Need and Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
• Meaning of Bills of Exchange:
  • Advantages, Discounting, Dishonour, Renewal, Accommodation of Bills
  • Difference between Trade Bill and Accommodation Bill

Unit 5: Depreciation, Provisions, and Reserves

• Meaning and Need of Depreciation
• Methods of Computing Depreciation:
  • Straight Line Method (SLM), Written Down Value Method (WDV)
• Provisions and Reserves
• Capital and Revenue Expenditures and Receipts

Unit 6: Accounting for Non-Profit Organizations

• Meaning and Characteristics
• Accounting Records for Non-Profit Organizations:
  • Receipts and Payment Account
  • Income & Expenditure Account

Unit 7: Accounting for Partnership

• Basic Concepts of Partnership
• Partnership Deed
• Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008
• Admission of a New Partner
• Retirement and Death of a Partner
• Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

Unit 8: Company Accounts

• Meaning and Types of Share Capital:
  • Equity and Preference Shares
  • Sweat Equity Shares
  • Employees Stock Option Plan (ESOP)
• Issue of Shares:
  • Forfeiture and Re-issue of Forfeited Shares
• Redemption of Preference Shares
• Issue and Redemption of Debentures

Unit 9: Analysis of Financial Statements

(a) Financial Statements of a Company

• Preparation of Balance Sheet as per Company Act, 2013

(b) Financial Statement Analysis

• Meaning, Significance, Tools, and Limitations
• Comparative Financial Statements and Common Size Financial Statements
• Accounting Ratios:
  • Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency, Activity, Turnover Ratios

Unit 10:

(a) Accounting for Hire Purchase Systems and Instalment Payment Systems

(b) Applications of Computers in Accounting

• Introduction to Computers and Accounting Information System (AIS)
• Concept and Types of Computerized Accounting
• Features, Structure, and Role of Computers in Accounting
• Application of Tally and Electronic Spreadsheet (E.S.) in Accounting

Agriculture

I. Agronomy and Agrometeorology

• Agriculture and Its Scope: Seeds and sowing, tillage, tilth, crop density and geometry.
• Crop Nutrition: Manures, fertilizers, nutrient use efficiency, water resources, soil-plant-water relationship.
• Water Management: Crop water requirement, water use efficiency, irrigation (scheduling criteria, methods), quality of irrigation water, waterlogging.
• Weed Management: Importance, classification, crop-weed competition, principles and methods of weed control (cultural, biological, chemical).
• Herbicides: Classification, selectivity, and resistance.
• Crop Growth and Development: Factors, crop rotation, harvesting, and threshing.
• Ecology and Natural Resources: Management and conservation, environmental factors affecting crop production and distribution.
• Weather Variables: Atmospheric pressure, wind, solar radiation, humidity, precipitation, and cloud formation.
• Weather Hazards: Droughts, floods, frost, heat and cold waves, cloud bursts.
• Climate Change: Impact on agriculture, global warming, causes of climate change.
• Cropping Patterns: Agro-climatic zones, high-yielding varieties, sustainable crop production techniques (multiple cropping, relay cropping, etc.).
• Forestry and Agroforestry: Importance, types of forestry (agroforestry, social forestry).

II. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry

• Soil Genesis: Soil-forming rocks and minerals, weathering, soil profiles, and soil components.
• Soil Properties: Physical properties, problem soils, and their reclamation in India.
• Plant Nutrients: Essential nutrients, symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
• Soil Fertility: Evaluation, organic manures, green manuring, fertilizer recommendations, integrated nutrient management.
• Soil Chemistry: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, micronutrients.
• Soil Conservation: Planning on a watershed basis, erosion, runoff management, and dryland agriculture.
• Water Use Efficiency: Scheduling irrigation, reducing runoff losses, drainage for waterlogged soils.
• Farm Management: Planning, budgeting, economics of farming systems, marketing, pricing, and co-operatives’ role in agricultural economy.
• Economic Concepts: Goods and services, demand, utility, cost, price, wealth, capital, income, welfare.
• Agricultural Extension: Importance, role, extension programs, diffusion of innovations, farm mechanization, and rural employment.

III. Agricultural Statistics

• Statistical Applications: Measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability (addition and multiplication theorems).
• Distributions: Binomial and Poisson distributions.
• Correlation and Regression: Scatter diagrams, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, linear regression equations.
• Tests of Significance: One-sample and two-sample t-tests for means, chi-square test of independence, analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way classification.
• Sampling Methods: Simple random sampling (with and without replacement), complete enumeration, use of random number tables.

IV. Genetics and Plant Breeding

• Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance: Chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited inheritance.
• Genetic Variation: Morphological patterns of variations in important field crops, causes and utilization in crop improvement.
• Plant Breeding: Methods of breeding self- and cross-pollinated crops (introduction, selection, hybridization). Male sterility, self-incompatibility, and mutation breeding.
• Genetic Disorders: Structure, replication of genetic material, gene structure, function, regulation, and protein synthesis.
• Seed Technology: Importance, seed production, processing, storage, testing, and the role of national and state seed organizations.
• Crop Physiology: Physical and chemical properties of protoplasm, water absorption and translocation, and plant cell transpiration.

V. Plant Physiology

• Plant Growth Regulators: Roles, agricultural uses, growth analysis, and physiological parameters in crop productivity.
• Photosynthesis: Modern concepts, factors affecting it, light and dark reactions, C3, C4, and CAM plants.
• Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, growth, development, photoperiodism, and vernalization.
• Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables: Climatic requirements, pre- and post-harvest physiology, processing techniques, and equipment.
• Floriculture: Landscape design, lawn, and garden layout.
• Plant Diseases and Pests: Measures for control, pesticides, plant protection equipment, and maintenance.

VI. Agricultural Entomology

• Insect Morphology: Structure of insect cuticle, molting, head, thorax, abdomen, antennae, mouthparts, legs, wings, and genital organs.
• Insect Physiology: Digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive systems. Metamorphosis, diapause, larvae, and pupae.
• Insect Ecology: Effects of abiotic and biotic factors on growth and development.
• Insecticides: Classification, formulations, application techniques, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), insect pests of crops and stored grains.
• Beneficial Insects: Beekeeping, silkworm rearing, lac insect biology, and biological control agents (parasitoids, predators).

VII. Plant Pathology and Management

• Scope of Plant Pathology: Importance of plant diseases, pathogenesis, and factors affecting disease development.
• Plant Pathogens: Fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, viruses, viroids, nematodes, and phanerogamic parasites.
• Disease Management: Principles and methods of plant disease management, including Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM).
• Epidemiology: Factors influencing disease development, fungicides, antibiotics, and their mode of action.
• Major Crop Diseases: Important diseases of field and horticultural crops and their management.

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